If you’ve spent any time in the dog community, you’ve probably come across the term IVDD. It’s a condition that can affect dogs of all shapes and sizes, although certain breeds are at a much higher risk, and it can have a life changing impact on both the dog and the people who love them.
In this guide, we’re taking a closer look at what IVDD is, the symptoms every dog owner should know, how it is diagnosed and treated, and what life can look like after a diagnosis.
We’ve also had the privilege of interviewing @Alfie_the_IVDD_Daxie about his journey with IVDD. Keep an eye out for that interview coming soon, where we’ll be sharing his story, the challenges he’s faced, and the resilience that has inspired so many within the dog community.
What is IVDD?
Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) is a condition that affects the spine and can cause pain, weakness and, in severe cases, paralysis. It occurs when one or more of the cushioning discs between the bones of the spine become damaged and press against the spinal cord.
To understand IVDD, it helps to know how a dog’s spine works. The spine is made up of a series of bones called vertebrae. Between each vertebra sits an intervertebral disc, which acts like a shock absorber. These discs allow the spine to bend and flex while protecting it from the impact of everyday activities such as running, jumping and playing.
Each disc has a tough outer layer and a soft, jelly-like centre. If the outer layer weakens or tears, the inner material can bulge or burst out. This places pressure on the spinal cord and surrounding nerves, which can interfere with the messages travelling between the brain and the rest of the body.
The amount of pressure on the spinal cord determines how severe the symptoms are. Some dogs may experience mild back or neck pain, while others can suddenly lose the ability to stand or walk.
There are two main types of IVDD:
Type I IVDD is the most common form and is often seen in breeds such as Dachshunds, French Bulldogs and Corgis. The disc suddenly ruptures, causing immediate pressure on the spinal cord. Symptoms can appear very quickly, sometimes within just a few hours, making this a veterinary emergency.
Type II IVDD tends to develop more gradually and is more commonly seen in larger or older dogs. Instead of rupturing suddenly, the disc slowly bulges over time, placing increasing pressure on the spinal cord. Symptoms may start subtly and worsen over weeks or months.
While the two types develop differently, both can cause significant pain and mobility problems if left untreated. If you notice any signs that your dog is uncomfortable, reluctant to move or struggling to use their legs, it’s important to contact your vet as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment can make a significant difference to your dog’s recovery.
What are the symptoms of IVDD?
The symptoms of IVDD can vary depending on where the damaged disc is located in the spine and how much pressure it is placing on the spinal cord. Some dogs may show only mild signs of discomfort, while others can lose the ability to walk within a matter of hours.
Common symptoms of IVDD include:
- Reluctance to jump, climb stairs or get into the car
- Crying out when moving or being touched
- A tense or arched back
- Neck pain or stiffness
- Shaking or trembling due to pain
- Weakness in the back legs
- Dragging the paws or scuffing the nails
- Knuckling, where the dog walks on the top of their paw
- Wobbliness or a lack of coordination
- Difficulty standing or walking
- Paralysis
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
Some dogs may also become quieter than usual, hide away, refuse food or appear reluctant to move because they are trying to avoid pain.
If you notice any of these symptoms, particularly if they develop suddenly, contact your vet immediately. IVDD is considered a medical emergency, and early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the chances of a successful recovery.
How is IVDD diagnosed?
If your vet suspects IVDD, they will begin by carrying out a thorough physical and neurological examination. This helps them determine where the problem is located within the spine and how severely the spinal cord may be affected.
Your vet will assess your dog’s gait, reflexes, muscle strength and ability to feel pain in each limb. They may also gently examine the spine to identify areas of discomfort.
Although X-rays can sometimes rule out other causes of back pain, such as fractures or tumours, they cannot usually confirm IVDD because the spinal cord and discs themselves are not clearly visible.
For a definitive diagnosis, many dogs are referred to a specialist veterinary hospital for an MRI scan. MRI is considered the gold standard for diagnosing IVDD because it shows the spinal cord, intervertebral discs and surrounding tissues in great detail. This allows veterinary surgeons to identify exactly which disc is affected and whether surgery is required.
In some cases, a CT scan may also be used, particularly if MRI is not available.
The sooner IVDD is diagnosed, the sooner treatment can begin, which is why it’s important not to delay seeking veterinary advice if you suspect something is wrong.
Can dogs recover from IVDD?
Many dogs recover well from IVDD, but every case is different. The outcome depends on several factors, including how severe the spinal cord injury is, how quickly treatment begins and whether surgery is needed.
Dogs with mild cases that receive prompt treatment often return to a normal, active life. Others may continue to enjoy a great quality of life with a few adjustments, such as avoiding high-impact activities or using ramps to reduce strain on their backs.
Dogs that undergo surgery can also make excellent recoveries, particularly if treatment takes place before they lose their ability to feel pain in their limbs. Physiotherapy, hydrotherapy and dedicated home care can all play an important role in helping dogs regain strength and mobility.
Some dogs are left with ongoing mobility issues or experience repeat episodes of IVDD later in life. Even so, many continue to enjoy walks, holidays, playtime and adventures with the right support and management.
The most important thing is recognising the symptoms early. Prompt veterinary attention gives your dog the best possible chance of making a successful recovery.
Can IVDD be prevented?
Unfortunately, IVDD cannot always be prevented, particularly in breeds that are genetically predisposed to the condition. However, there are several steps owners can take to help reduce the risk and support their dog’s spinal health.
Keeping your dog at a healthy weight is one of the most important things you can do. Excess weight places additional strain on the spine and can increase the risk of injury.
Regular, controlled exercise also helps by maintaining strong muscles that support the back. Consistent walks are generally more beneficial than occasional bursts of intense activity.
Many owners of high-risk breeds choose to use ramps to help their dogs access sofas, beds or cars, reducing repeated impact from jumping. Non-slip flooring or rugs can also help prevent slips and falls around the home.
Routine veterinary check-ups are another important part of keeping your dog healthy. If you notice your dog becoming reluctant to jump, slowing down on walks or showing signs of discomfort, don’t assume it’s simply old age. Having them examined early could make a significant difference.
While it’s impossible to eliminate the risk entirely, understanding IVDD and recognising the warning signs gives you the best chance of protecting your dog’s long-term health.
Final Thoughts
While every dog’s experience with IVDD is different, understanding the condition and recognising the signs early could make a real difference. If your dog suddenly seems reluctant to move, cries out in pain, becomes weak in their legs or shows any other worrying symptoms, contact your vet immediately. Early assessment and treatment are incredibly important.
This article is intended as a general guide and should not replace professional veterinary advice. If you’re concerned your dog may have IVDD, contact your vet immediately.
If you’ve experienced IVDD with your own dog, we’d love to hear your story. By sharing our experiences and supporting one another, we can help more dog owners feel informed, prepared and a little less alone.
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